A shrub often present in high numbers in rich shrub fens, calcareous seepage swamps, birch/tamarack fens, rich shrub swamps, upper reaches of patterned peatleads, northern white cedar wetlands, dense shrub thickets of wet meadows on peaty soil, shrubby areas within peatlands (New York Natural Heritage Program 2004). Bogs, calcareous fens, wooded swamps, muskegs, lake shores (Flora of North America 1997). In bogs, often forming large colonies (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Bogs and fens, conifer swamps, shrubby peatlands, stream borders, generally as a calciphile (Voss 1985). Bogs and wooded swamps, often calcareous (Fernald 1970).

Black spruce-tamarack bog* A conifer forest that occurs on acidic peatlands in cool, poorly drained depressions. The characteristic trees are black spruce and tamarack; in any one stand, either tree may be dominant, or they may be codominant. Canopy cover is quite variable, ranging from open canopy woodlands with as little as 20% cover of evenly spaced canopy trees to closed canopy forests with 80 to 90% cover. * probable association but not confirmed Dwarf shrub bog* A wetland usually fed by rainwater or mineral-poor groundwater and dominated by short, evergreen shrubs and peat mosses. The surface of the peatland is usually hummocky, with shrubs more common on the hummocks and peat moss throughout. The water in the bog is usually nutrient-poor and acidic. * probable association but not confirmed Inland poor fen* A wetland fed by acidic water from springs and seeps. Plant remains in these fens do not decompose rapidly and thus the plants in these fens usually grow on older, undecomposed plant parts of mostly sphagnum mosses. * probable association but not confirmed Northern white cedar swamp* A swamp that occurs on organic soils in cool, poorly drained depressions in central and northern New York, and along lakes and streams in the northern half of the state. These swamps are often spring-fed with continually saturated soils. Soils are often rich in calcium. The characteristic tree is northern white cedar, which makes up more than 30% of the canopy cover. * probable association but not confirmed

Patterned peatland A large peatland whose surface forms a gentle slope with a mosaic of high and low areas (relative to water levels). These high and low areas occur as narrow or broad bands of vegetation and pools that extend perpendicular to the direction of water flow across the slope of the peatland. Peat moss (Sphagnum) is the most abundant plant. Red maple-tamarack peat swamp* A swamp that occurs on organic soils (peat or muck) in poorly drained depressions. These swamps are often spring fed or enriched by seepage of mineral-rich groundwater resulting in a stable water table and continually saturated soil. The dominant trees are red maple and tamarack. These species usually form an open canopy (50 to 70% cover) with numerous small openings dominated by shrubs or sedges. * probable association but not confirmed Rich shrub fen A wetland with many shrubs that is usually fed by water from springs and seeps. These waters have high concentrations of minerals and high pH values, generally from 6.0 to 7.8. Plant remains in these fens do not decompose rapidly and thus the plants in these fens usually grow on older, undecomposed woody plant parts. Shrub swamp An inland wetland dominated by tall shrubs that occurs along the shore of a lake or river, in a wet depression or valley not associated with lakes, or as a transition zone between a marsh, fen, or bog and a swamp or upland community. Shrub swamps are very common and quite variable.

Red Maple (Acer rubrum var. rubrum) Lake-bank Sedge (Carex lacustris) Woolly Sedge (Carex pellita) Red Osier Dogwood (Cornus sericea) Threeway Sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum) Common Winterberry (Ilex verticillata) Tamarack (Larix laricina) Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) Swamp Fly-honeysuckle (Lonicera oblongifolia)

Bog Buckbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) Sweet Bayberry (Myrica gale) (Rhamnus frangula) Bog Willow (Salix pedicellaris) Autumn Willow (Salix serissima) American Scheuchzeria (Scheuchzeria palustris) Northern Meadow-sweet (Spiraea alba) Poison Sumac (Toxicodendron vernix)