In New York this species is strongly associated with dry limestone-derived soils, as well as with disturbance, both natural and artificial, since it is also prefers open habitats. It occurs at riverside bluffs, shale cliffs and barrens, cedar glades, and limestone pavements as well as abandoned sandpits and pastures, railroads, and powerlines. (New York Natural Heritage Program 2007). Dry hills and plains (Fernald 1970). Dry woods (Gleason & Cronquist 1991).

Calcareous cliff community* A community that occurs on vertical exposures of resistant, calcareous bedrock (such as limestone or dolomite) or consolidated material; these cliffs often include ledges and small areas of talus. * probable association but not confirmed Calcareous pavement barrens* A savanna community that occurs on nearly level outcrops of calcareous bedrock (limestone or dolomite). The community consists of a mosaic of shrub-savanna, grass-savanna, and rock outcrop vegetation. * probable association but not confirmed Calcareous red cedar barrens A small-patch calcareous rocky summit community occurring on dry, south-facing to southwest-facing slopes and low summits. These sites are characterized by stunted, sparse woodlands with small grassland openings. Calcareous talus slope woodland* An open or closed canopy community that occurs on talus slopes composed of calcareous bedrock such as limestone or dolomite. The soils are usually moist and loamy; there may be numerous rock outcrops. * probable association but not confirmed

Limestone woodland* A woodland that occurs on shallow soils over limestone bedrock in non-alvar settings, and usually includes numerous rock outcrops. There are usually several codominant trees, although one species may become dominant in any one stand. * probable association but not confirmed Northern white cedar rocky summit* A community that occurs on cool, dry, rocky ridgetops and summits where the bedrock is calcareous (such as limestone or dolomite), and the soils are more or less calcareous. The vegetation may be sparse or patchy, with numerous rock outcrops. The species have predominantly boreal distributions. * probable association but not confirmed Red cedar rocky summit A community that occurs on warm, dry, rocky ridgetops and summits where the bedrock is calcareous (such as limestone or dolomite, but also marble, amphibolite, and calcsilicate rock), and the soils are more or less calcareous. The vegetation may be sparse or patchy, with numerous lichen covered rock outcrops. Shale cliff and talus community* A community that occurs on nearly vertical exposures of shale bedrock and includes ledges and small areas of talus. Talus areas are composed of small fragments that are unstable and steeply sloping; the unstable nature of the shale results in uneven slopes and many rock crevices. * probable association but not confirmed

Green Milkweed (Asclepias viridiflora) Bicknell's Sedge (Carex bicknellii) Crawe Sedge (Carex crawei) Maltese Star-thistle (Centaurea melitensis) Dwarf Juniper (Juniperus communis) (Liatris borealis) Morrow Honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii) White Sweetclover (Melilotus albus) Wild Bergamot Bee-balm (Monarda fistulosa)

Hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) Meadow Timothy (Phleum pratense) Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) Nodding Ladies'-tresses (Spiranthes cernua) Northern Dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) Small Dropseed (Sporobolus neglectus) Eastern Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans)